7 Classification of Cotton Fibre in Details

Cotton is called the king of fiber. In this context, we will know about the classification of cotton in a details discussion.

Cotton is a soft, fluffy, vegetable staple fibre. It grows in a ball around the seeds of the cotton plant. It combines strength with good absorbency. That’s why it’s used to produce durable as well as comfortable fabric and apparel.

History Of Cotton:

Humans learned to cultivate, produce and utilize cotton more than 5000 years BC in the Middle East as well as in India. Textile manufacturing becomes spread out to Europe after the invasion of India by Alexander the Great. But in different places, cotton is used in different names.

The English word cotton is derived from the Arabic word ‘Khatan’.  From the Arabic word that the name originally was given to flax. Cotton is called in versatile names all around the world. Such as:

Different Names of Cotton

• Arabic countries – katan, gatu, kotan, kutn, gutn, or kuteen.
• Russia – khlopok
• China – hoa main
• Japan – vatta ik or vatta noki
• France – coton
• Greece – vamvax
• Italy – cotone
• Germany – baumwolle
• Poland – bawełna
• Iran – pembeh or poombch
• India – pucu

In the 18th century, modern cotton production had begun in England. After that cotton rapidly spread out the United States. Today it has a vast production and contribution to international trade. Today, Cotton is called the backbone of the world’s textile industry.

In the 20th century, cotton considers the most important textile fibre. Cause it has excellent fibrous properties to produce a major fibre and fabric for textile applications. Therefore, it is important for every textile profession-related person to know about the Classification of cotton. So, Let’s jump into our topic:

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What is Classification of cotton Fibre?

i. Classification of Cotton according to the Basis of Region:

We can classify cotton according to the basis of region. You can see the global organic cotton fiber classification mapping Picture.

a) Sea Island Cotton:

Sea Island Cotton is the most valuable commercial cotton. It comes originally from Barbados. It is a long, fine, soft, and silky natural fiber.

Properties of Sea Island Cotton are:

• Length: The avg. length of these fibres is about 2 inches (51mm)
• Diameter: 1/1500 Inc (01.17mm)
• Specific Gravity: 1.5 gmcm³
• Very good Luster, Uniformly, maturity twist, and softness.

This cotton is in length or twist. The color is off it is a light creamy tint. The staple length is near 5 cm. Sea Island cotton grows especially on the coast area, where the climates are favorable. Especially the Gulf of Florida, Barbados, and other adjacent Islands.

b) Egyptian Cotton:

Egyptian Cotton fibres are long, fine, soft, and silky similar to Sea Island cotton with slightly inferior qualities. Egyptian cotton is available in Middle East countries, especially in Egypt. There are 2 kinds of Egyptian cotton: a.brown Egyptian cotton and b. white Egyptian cotton. The staple length of these cotton fibre is between 3.7-4.5 cm.

• Length: 1.5-1.75 inch (38-44mm)
• Very good infirmity
• It contains a few immature and dead fibers.
• The diameter is 1/1500inch (01.017 mm)
• Specific Gravity: 1.5 gm/cm³

Over 3 centuries, Egyptian cotton has established a reputation of being the best cotton in the world. Because of its softness, strength, and superior characteristics, Egyptian cotton has been achieved as the world’s finest cotton.

c) South American Cotton:

South American cotton is grown in the south of North America. The staple length of South American cotton fiber is between 2.5 to 3.5 cm.

Properties of South American Cotton:

• Staple Length is 1-1.5 (25-38mm).
• Diameter of 1/1300 inch.
• It is very suitable for using others regenerated fibers.

South American cotton has been cultivated in major textile-producing countries, like Brazil, Colombia Peru, and so on. Peru is one of the biggest South American clothing exporters by using resources of south American cotton.

d) American Upland Cotton:

This variety is from Gossypium Hirsutum is generally known as upland cotton. Most American cotton belongs to this group. The staple length of American Pima cotton is from 9/8 to 3/2 inches (27-36mm) and the fibre is fine, strong, lustrous, silky, and creamy-brown in color.

Basically, American upland cotton is used for sewing thread. Although a small amount of it is used in the high-quality broad fabric. Fabrics made from American cotton are silky, smoothness, softness, and luster are desired.

e) Indian Cotton:

Indian Cotton is produced and available in India. Generally, Indian Cotton is poorly graded with lower staple and coarser diameter. This cotton is generally white in color. It has short fibre, length is 0.6- 0.8 inches. It is only suitable for producing coarse yarn.

f) China Cotton:

It is generally available in China only. China cotton is the lowest grade commercial cotton. Length is 0.5-0.7 inches. Natural twist (convolution) is not highly developed and rather harsh.

You may have a clear idea of the classification of cotton fibre of China cotton from the following table. Let’s have a look at the cotton classification chart.

The quality of this cotton is the poorest. Therefore, it should not be used for the finest quality of fabrics. The staple length is 1.5-2cm only.

ii. Scientific Classification of Cotton Fibre

Scientific Name of Cotton is Gossypium herbaceum.

iii. Classification of Cotton according to the Species

Cotton Fibres belong to the botanical genus ‘Gossypium’. It’s classified in the followings names as per the places of cultivation such as:

1. Gossypium Hirsutum: Upland Cotton, Native to Central America and Mexico.
2. Gossypium Barbadense: Pima Cotton, Native tropical south America
3.  Gossypium Arboreum: Tree cotton, native India and Pakistan.
4. Gossypium Herbaceum: Levant cotton, native to Southern Africa & the Arabian peninsula.

iv. Classification of Cotton on the basis of length:

According to length, cotton is classified as followings:

• Short Staple Cotton Fiber: 10 mm to 24 mm in length
• Medium Staple Cotton Fiber: 25 mm to 28.6 mm in length
• Long Staple Cotton Fiber: 30 mm to 63.5 mm in length

v. Classification of cotton fiber on the basis of Length Uniformity

The mean length and the upper half mean length of the fibers expressed as a percentage is called Length uniformity.

If all of the cotton fibers in the bale are of the same length. Then it indicates the length. And the upper half mean length will be the same. Then uniformity index would be 100.

However, length uniformity will always be less than a hundred. Cause there is always a natural variation in the length of fibers. Length uniformity indicates the quality of fiber. It can affect yarn evenness and strength, and the efficiency of the spinning process.

Length uniformity is also related to short fiber content. Cotton Fiber with a low uniformity index is likely to have a high percentage of short fibers. In this term, cotton may have difficult to process and is likely to produce low-quality yarn.

The following table is used as a guide in interpreting Cotton length uniformity measurements

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vi. Classification of cotton fiber on the basis of Fiber Strength

Strength measurements indicate in terms of grams per tex. A tex unit is equal to the weight in grams of thousand meters of cotton fiber. Consequently, the strength relates is the force in grams. That is required to break a bundle of cotton fibers one tex unit in size.

Usually, cotton Fiber strength is largely determined by variety. It could be affected by plant nutrient deficiencies and weather. There is a high relationship between fiber strength and yarn strength. As well as, cotton with high fiber strength is more withstand breakage during the fabric manufacturing process.

The following table could be used as a guide in interpreting cotton fiber strength measurements.

vi. Classification of cotton fiber on the basis of Micronaire or MIC Value

Cotton Micronaire is the measurement of cotton fiber fineness and maturity. The airflow instrument could use to measure the air permeability of a constant mass of fibers compressed. It is known as MIC value in short

It’s influenced during the growing period by environmental conditions. Like moisture, sunlight, temperature, plant nutrients, and extremes in the plant. Cotton fiber fineness affects processing on performance. And its effect on the quality of the end product in several ways.

In the opening, cleaning, and carding as well as yarn manufacturing processes, low micronaire. Fine-fiber, cotton requires slower processing speeds to prevent damage to the cotton fibers.

Yarns produce from finer fiber cotton result in more fibers per cross-section. In turn, produces stronger yarns. Dye absorbency and retention vary with the maturity of fibers. The greater the maturity, provide better the absorbency and retention.

The visual chart could use as a guide in interpreting micronaire measurements below.  Relationship of micronaire readings to market value:

vii. Classification of cotton Fibre on the basis of Trade Name:

1. Blue cotton: Maximum White cotton.
2. Bump Cotton: Waste or bale’s damp cotton.
3. Bloom cotton: Light color cotton.
4. Buttery Cotton: Light Brown Cotton.
5. Curly cotton: Very wet gin cotton.
6. Cut Staple Cotton: Saw gin cut the cotton.
7. Green Cotton: Early in the year, collected immature wet collected cotton.
8. Meaty Cotton: The cotton which contains maximum short immature fiber.
9. Classy Cotton: Top Graded Cotton.
10. Mossy Cotton: it means meaty cotton.

Additional Abbreviation name of Cotton Fibre

1. Noisy Cotton: This cotton has noisiness.
2. Pearly Cotton: Wet cotton which has a small amount of fuzz.
3. Perfection Cotton: Dry ginned cotton.
4. Polished Cotton: Wet ginning and pickling cotton.
5. Quickness Cotton: Collected mature cotton.
6. Smooth Cotton: Mature dry cotton.
7. Soft Cotton: Cotton that contains a lot of fine hair.
8. Springtime Cotton: Collected at an early stage of production.
9. Spun Cotton: Collected after spinning.
10. Sweetheart Cotton: Yellowish-green cotton.
11. Swelling Cotton: When cotton swells up when squeezed.
12. Transparent Cotton: Cotton containing less lint.
13. White Cotton: No color cotton.
14. Yellow Cotton: Colored cotton.
15. Zephyr Cotton: Wind dried cotton.
16. Abrasive Cotton: Long-staple cotton.
17. Bounce Cotton: Short staple cotton.

Classifications According to Color of Cotton Fibre

• Black Cotton: Black colored cotton.
• Blue Cotton: Blue colored cotton.
• Brown Cotton: Brown colored cotton.
• Buffalo Cotton: Buffalo colored cotton.
• Butter Cotton: Butter colored cotton.
• Burnet Cotton: Burnet colored cotton.
• Canary Cotton: Canary colored cotton.
• Cardinal Cotton: Cardinal colored cotton.
• Castor Oil Cotton: Castor oil colored cotton.
• Cheesecloth Cotton: Cheese cloth colored cotton.
• Chocolate Cotton: Chocolate colored cotton.
• Cinnamon Cotton: Cinnamon colored cotton.
• Clear Cotton: Clear colored cotton.
• Clover Leaf Cotton: Clover leaf colored cotton.
• Colonel Cotton: Colonel colored cotton.
• Columbine Cotton: Columbine colored cotton.
• Cornflower Cotton: Corn flower colored cotton.
• Cowhide Cotton: Cow hide colored cotton.
• Dark Cotton: Dark colored cotton.
• Deep Purple Cotton: Deep purple colored cotton.
• Dusky Cotton: Dusky colored cotton.
• Egyptian Cotton: Egyptian colored cotton.
• Egret Cotton: Egret colored cotton.
• Emerald Cotton: Emerald colored cotton.
• Fawn Cotton: Fawn colored cotton.
• Firebird Cotton: Fire bird colored cotton.
• Flame Cotton: Flame colored cotton.
• Gold Dust Cotton: Gold dust colored cotton.
• Golden Cotton: Golden colored cotton.
• Honey Dew Cotton: Honey dew colored cotton.
• Indigo Cotton: Indigo colored cotton.

References:

1. 1. Fundamentals of Spun Yarn Technology by Carl A. Lawrence
   2. The Classification of Cotton by Cotton Division. Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
   3. https://www.cottoninc.com/cotton-production/quality/classification-of-cotton/classification-of-upland-cotton/
   4. https://printersblankets.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Cotton-Missouri-minutes.pdf
   5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton

Md Mahedi Hasan

This is Mahedi Hasan, a Textile Engineer, as well as a Top Rated content writer at Upwork, Level 01 Seller at Fiverr, Level 02 Publisher at Ezoic. A passionate textile ad fashion content writer, fashion SEO expert, and fashion web designer. Having a B.Sc. in Textile Engineering from Textile Engineering College, Noakhali (TECN). Department is Apparel Engineering. Highly Experienced fashion writer for the last 3+ yrs. Established Textile Details Website website to enhance professional Fashion Blogging skills. Extensive 7 years of experience on wholesale clothing business.